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Turkey

Turkey

Capital city description

Ankara, a province of Turkey, is the capital and second-most dense city. The functions of administration and governance take place in Ankara. The president sits in the town from where all country activities are conducted.

Esenboga International airport is the main airport in Ankara. The city has a well-developed infrastructural system, with transport being efficiently provided by the Electricity Gas Bus General Directorate (EGO). Railway subway connects most of the districts. The government offers Internet while reliable water and electricity are supplied from the Ataturk Dam.


Climate

In Turkey, there are various climates, with considerable differences between the areas and some microclimates due to the different exposure of slopes and coasts. The coastal areas generally have a mild climate, but the coast of the Black Sea is chillier than that of the Mediterranean. The interior has a continental climate, with freezing, snowy winters, and hot, dry summers, though nights usually cool.

The country's summer is dry and sunny, except on the northeast coast. The driest months are July, August, and September in all the inland and south-central regions.


Languages spoken

The Turkish language is the widely and official language of Turkey. On the other hand, English, German, and French are the common foreign languages used in Turkey. English has a broader coverage among foreign languages. The languages are taught in Turkish schools as elective courses and other foreign languages like Italian.

Fun/Fascinating Facts

  1. Turquoise means ‘Turkish stone. The beautiful mineral came to Europe from the Orient via Turkey and is one of the oldest gemstones. They were first used as amulets by Turkish soldiers.
  2. Turkey may be known for classics such as Turkish Delight or Turkish Coffee, but it is the world’s largest producer of hazelnuts. Turkish hazelnuts produce up to around 72.9% of the world’s supply, and the country’s Eastern Black Sea region produces approximately 60% of that.
  3. One of many interesting facts about Turkey St. is Nicholas, commonly referred to as the Santa Claus, who wasn’t born in the North Pole, but in Patara in the Southwestern part of Turkey. 
  4.  Turks are tea lovers. Almost 96% of the population drinks at least one cup of tea per day. Turkish tea is strong, and they serve it in small tulip-shaped glasses.
  5. Turkey is home to some of the most stunning mosques globally, as about 99% of all Turks are Muslims. One of the most breathtaking mosques in Turkey is the Sultanahmet Mosque, popularly known as the ‘Blue Mosque’ in Istanbul.

Unique Customs/Traditions

  • Circumcision is a religious practice and, in Turkish, is known as Sünnet. The circumcision is one of the most significant moments in the life of a Turkish boy, as it's when the boy becomes a man, or at least that's what it's said in the Turkish culture. The day when the circumcision happens is celebrated with a party, and the kid wears a flashy outfit to distinguish himself.
  • A vital cultural tradition in Turkey is to take off your shoes before going inside someone else's house. Always take them out and put them in front of the door, they will give you some slippers to wear at home. Turkish people believe that shoes are dirty and do not pray at dirty places.
  • According to Turkish tradition, when a family wants their son to get married, they first visit the potential wife and her family at home to inspect and (if all goes well) ask for her hand. In these courtship scenes, it's traditional for the bride-to-be to make Turkish coffee and serve it to her future in-laws while they get to have a close look at her.
  • One old and vital tradition in Turkey is respecting people more senior than you. If you are entering a room, you should always let them pass before you do, or if you are on public transport, let them have a seat.
  •  Traditionally, if you are talking to someone older than you, then you would need to add "abi" (for man) and "abla" (for a woman) after their names.
  • In Islamic tradition, the groom must pay the bride price. However, in recent years this tradition has become a thing of the past - the amount of "bride price" (Kalim) is being reduced depending on the expenses incurred for the wedding or the total family income, or transferred to the newlyweds to develop their own family. At the same time, in the local patriarchal communities, the money raised to buy pride can be a serious impediment to marriage.

Popular universities

Name Description
Istanbul University Established in 1453, Istanbul University is a public university located in Istanbul. It offers 17 associate degree programs, 299 master’s degree programs, and 189 Ph.D. programs. The University includes 15 Faculty, 12 Institutes, 2 Colleges, 2 Vocational schools, and two departments. Istanbul University has eight campuses. The main campus, Avcilar, is on Beyazit Square. The second campus is in Kadikoy. The third campus in Laleli. The fourth campus is Vezneciler. The fifth campus in Beyazit. The sixth campus is Horhor. The seventh campus in Suleymaniye. The eighth campus is Capa. The University has a library that contains 1.5 million periodicals copies for the students.
Koç University Koç University, one of the best universities in Turkey, is a non-profit private university in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in 1993. The University offers a wide range of academic programs across seven schools and colleges, including colleges of administrative sciences and economics, social sciences and humanities, engineering, school of medicine, school of nursing, and a law school. Their 62-acre campus is located on the hills of Sariyer, and it offers full residential accommodation. 60% of Koç University students choose to live on campus, and many remain on campus through to graduation.
Yeditepe University Established by the Istanbul Education and Culture Foundation in 1996, Yeditepe University is a private foundation university in Istanbul, Turkey. Yeditepe University offers an education compatible with the expectations of the information age. It carries out its academic activities at 13 Faculties, namely Dentistry, Pharmacy, Arts and Sciences, Fine Arts, Law, Economics and Administrative Sciences, Communication, Architecture, Engineering, Health Sciences, Medical, and Commercial Sciences.
Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University (ITU) is an international technical university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the world's third-oldest technical university recently dedicated to engineering sciences and social sciences and is one of Turkey's most prominent educational institutions. Istanbul Technical University (ITU) has assumed pivotal roles in the country's reconstruction, modernization, and administration. Istanbul Technical University (ITU) has accomplished this with extensive collaboration with the industry, one of the best universities globally in industry income.
Istanbul Aydin University Istanbul Aydin University is a private university founded on May 18, 2007, located in the center of Istanbul, and Anatolia Education and Culture Foundation established it. The University contributes to international development in different areas, including cultural, social, and economical. The University consists of ten faculties: Faculty of Art and Sciences, Faculty of Communications Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Engineering - Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Faculty of Law, and Faculty of Medicine.
MEF University MEF University is a non-profit private university in Istanbul, founded by the İbrahim Arıkan Education and Scientific Research Foundation, founded in 2012. MEF University is known for its international outlook, high academic standards, dynamic and accessible management approach, and for responding to the challenges and requirements of the current century and generation with its state-of-the-art academic programs and innovative technology-enhanced student-centered teaching methods. MEF University is the first and only university globally to use the Flipped Classroom method across the whole university and all programs.
Anadolu Üniversitesi Anadolu Üniversitesi (Anadolu University) is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the urban setting of the large city of Eskisehir. Founded in 1982 and officially recognized by the YÖK - Yüksekögretim Kurulu (YÖK - Council of Higher Education), Anadolu Üniversitesi is a large coeducational Turkish higher education institution. Anadolu Üniversitesi offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as pre-bachelor degrees (i.e., certificates, diplomas, associate or foundation), bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study.
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi (Middle East Technical University) is a public technical university in Ankara, Turkey. The university emphasizes research and education in engineering and natural sciences, offering about 41 undergraduate programs within five faculties, 105 masters, and 70 doctorate programs within five graduate schools. The main campus of Middle East Technical University (METU) spans an area of 11,100 acres (4,500 ha), comprising, in addition to academic and auxiliary facilities, a forest area of 7,500 acres (3,000 ha), and the natural Lake Eymir.
Ankara Üniversitesi Founded in 1946 in the Turkish capital Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi (Ankara University) is a non-profit public higher education institution offering affordable accommodation for Turkish and international students. Ankara University hosts over 180 student clubs and has a wide range of sports facilities. The university also offers 16 undergraduate and 18 graduate programs taught in English.
Marmara Üniversitesi Marmara Üniversitesi (Marmara University), established in 1982, is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the large metropolis of Istanbul, Istanbul. Officially recognized by the YÖK - Yüksekögretim Kurulu (YÖK - Council of Higher Education), Marmara Üniversitesi (MARUN) is a vast coeducational Turkish higher education institution. Marmara Üniversitesi (MARUN) offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as pre-bachelor degrees (i.e., certificates, diplomas, associate or foundation), bachelor degrees, master degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study.

Festivals & Events

Ramazan

Date: May or April

The most important and famous religious festival, a 30-day Islamic holy month of Ramazan, widely known as Ramadan, is a time of fasting, prayer, and celebration the Muslim month of day abstention from drinking water, food, tobacco & having any sexual contact.

Many Turks fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramazan. Restaurants are less busy at lunch. Some restaurants close for the timeframe or severely curtail their menus; others discreetly cover their salons behind window treatments. 

September

Date: Izmir World Fair

Izmir World Fair is one of Turkey's most famous festivals held in early September. The fair is organized by İZFAŞ, a dependent corporation of Izmir Municipality. The social & musical events that coincided with the commercial fair had started as an auxiliary activity to attract widespread interest. Still, over time the festival became a school by itself. 

Ankara Film Festival

Date: March

The Ankara Film Festival is a beautiful event held in Turkey’s capital. Each year during March, travelers, film-buffs, directors, and acclaimed actors from across the globe come to Ankara for screenings at venues around the city.

The Festival promoted the competitions in the other categories of cartoon, poster design, and Film Story that support the art of cinema. It hosted a variety of exhibitions of graphic design, photography, and video art. The theoretical, academic, and practical contribution was facilitated, and panels, workshops, and conferences were organized in various fields, including history, sociology, women’s issues, and sector issues within the framework of the Festival.

Istanbul Music Festival

Date: June or July

The most significant event in Turkey’s largest city, the Istanbul Music Festival, lasts about two months, filling June and July with a range of exciting concerts and performances. It offers a selection of European classical music, ballet, opera, and traditional music performances with famous artists worldwide. Tourists will enjoy classical and opera performances, theatrical shows, and classic tunes from regions around the country. 

Folk dance festivals

Date: September

 Folk dance festivals offer an opportunity to see Turkey’s best dance troupes execute diverse repertoires of Turkish dances in traditional costumes. Numerous flock dances are performed inconsistently to reflect the rich culture from every region. These dances include the Halay from the East and Southeast, Konya and Leziginka, where the Horon dominates the area; the Hore is from Thrace, Zeybek from Aegean, and Bar from Erzurum. Explore the Turkish culture with their entertaining dances to leave your spirits lifted.

Istanbul Jazz Festival

Date: July

First launched in 1986, the Istanbul Jazz Festival is one of the most famous music events in the nation. It is held every July, attracting thousands of revelers from all over the country.

The festival highlights Turkish jazz collectives and brings Turkey's leading pop and best alternative performers. Istanbul Jazz Festival organizes a broad-spectrum event that brings together music lovers and musicians, supports the work of jazz musicians in Turkey, and encourages new productions. 

Rock'n Coke

Date: September (date varies)

 Turkey's biggest rock festival, Rock'n Coke, is well worth a trip, especially for music lovers. It was recognized in 2003 and sponsored by Coca Coca-cola.

Rock'n Coke is a tremendous festival held at the Hezarfen Airfield & has famous musicians from all over the world such as Travis, Limp Bizkit, Placebo, Muse, Iggy Pop, Linkin Park, Gogol Bordello, and various others. The festival lasts three days, and there are facilities such as a shopping area, a campground, a funfair, parking next to the stage. 

International Aspendos Opera And Ballet Festival

Date: September

The spectacular Aspendos international opera and ballet festival, first organized in 1994, is held in September every year in the breathtaking atmosphere of the 2000-year-old Aspendos theater. The opera and ballet festivals are observed annually by approximately 100 thousand art lovers from all over Antalya. The majority of these art audiences are foreign tourists on holiday in the Antalya region.

Aspendos international opera and ballet festival is organized by the General Directorate of State Opera and Ballet of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. And it is one of the most prestigious opera and ballet organizations in the world.

Attractions / Top Sights

Hagia Sophia

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

When to visit: https://www.hagiasophia.com/

Found in Istanbul, the famous Hagia Sophia, built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 537 CE, is renowned as the Byzantine Empire's most outstanding architectural achievement. It has remained the world's most extensive church for 1,000 years.

The staggering bulk of its exterior is rimmed by the delicate minarets added after the Ottoman conquest. At the same time, the sumptuous and cavernous frescoed interior is an excellent reminder of old Constantinople's might and power.

Ephesus

When to visit: Between April, May, October and November

One of the world's seven wonders because of its magical past & present rich history. The ruined city of Ephesus is a true wonder, for it is a place of great historical, cultural, and architectural significance. It was founded in the Classical Greek period, and by the 1st century BC, it had grown into one of the most formidable cities in the region.

The ruined city of Ephesus has been sealed with great ancient treasures like the remains of the giant Temple of Artemis, the great Library of Celsus, a still existing large 25,000 seat amphitheater, the well-preserved temple of Emperor Hadrian, and well looked after Terrace Houses (Houses of Rich). Hence, one of the most important Mediterranean cities mixed great culture, diversity, and civilization. The ruins of Ephesus are a famous tourist attraction on the west coast.

Ölüdeniz

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

Turkey's most famous beach, Ölüdeniz, is a small village located on the southwest coast of the Aegean Sea. It has an isolated sandy bay at the mouth of Ölüdeniz, on a blue lagoon.

This beach is renowned for its shades of turquoise and remains one of the most stunning beaches on the Mediterranean. Ölüdeniz is also regarded as one of the best places in the world to paraglide due to its unique dramatic aerial views that have fallen off a perfect postcard.

Cappadocia

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

Settled in south-central Turkey, the moonscape region of Cappadocia, southeast of Ankara, is the large, cone-like formations created over time by erosion of the relatively soft volcanic ash around them. The sparsely inhabited landscape of Cappadocia is characterized by red sandstone and salt deposits of the Miocene (Tertiary) period. 

Numerous famous and unique geological features to catch in Cappadocia like; Fairy Chimneys, Göreme Valley National Park and rock churches, underground cities of Kaymakli, Derinkuyu or Ozkonak, Zelve Valley and Pasabag, Avanos with its pottery and carpet production, Uçhisar rock fortress, Ortahisar rock fortress, Ürgüp town, Ihlara valley, Soganli, Sinasos, and Hacibektas and a lot more.



 

Pamukkale

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

One of the famous Turkish tourist attractions is the breathtaking Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle," famous for its pristine white terraces travertine, a sedimentary rock deposited by water with a very high mineral content from the hot springs. People have bathed in its pools for thousands of years. The ancient Greek city of Hierapolis was built on top of the hot springs by the kings of Pergamon. 

Tourists and locals visit Pamukkale and Hierapolis frequently for their unique look, ancient history, and wellness. The water is scientifically proven to cure many diseases that attract people. Additionally, there are many thermal hotels in the area.

Topkapı Palace

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

When to visit: https://millisaraylar.gov.tr/en/palaces/topkapi-palace

Topkapı Palace is one of the iconic structures of Istanbul and is famous for being one of the most captivating landscapes that make up Istanbul's skyline. A treasure trove of history on the historical peninsula, located in the oldest historical region of Istanbul.

Topkapı Palace, established on an area of 700,000 square meters on the Eastern Roman acropolis in Sarayburnu, was the administrative, educational and artistic center of the empire for approximately four hundred years from Fatih Sultan Mehmet to the 31st Sultan Abdülmecid, as well as housing the dynasty.

Bodrum Castle

When to visit: Betweem March and June or October to December

When to visit: https://bodrumturkeytravel.com/history-culture/bodrumcastle/

Bodrum Castle, located in the city of Bodrum in southwest Turkey, is one of the world’s best-preserved monuments dating back to the medieval era. It overlooks the internal marina of Bodrum filled with millions of dollars worth of sailing crafts.

The Crusaders built Bodrum Castle in the 15th century as the Castle of St. Peter. The castle now operates as a museum, focusing on the Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The Bodrum Castle is open to the public, and it houses Bodrum’s remarkable Museum of Underwater Archaeology and hosts several Turkish cultural festivals throughout the year.

Mount Nemrut

When to visit: Betweem March and June or October to December

Nemrut is a 2,134 meter (7,001 ft) high mountain in southeastern Turkey, near the city of Adiyaman. Mount Nemrut's summit funerary mound is scattered with the broken remnants of once mammoth statues, which guarded it. In 62 BC, King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene built a tomb-sanctuary flanked by giant statues of himself, two lions, two eagles, and various Greek and Persian gods on the mountain top.

The summit of Mount Nemrut delivers a great view of the surrounding mountains. The main attraction is to watch the sunrise from the eastern terrace, which gives the statue heads a beautiful orange hue and adds to the sense of mystery of the place.


Patara

When to visit: Between May and October

When to visit: In Autumn and Spring

 At 12-mile long, Patara is one of the most extended stretches of sandy beach, found anywhere in the Mediterranean. The fine sand on the beach stretches one kilometer inland toward the ancient city. The nearby village of Patara was the birthplace of St Nicholas, the 4th-century Byzantine bishop who later passed into legend as Santa Claus.

Patara Beach is also the breeding ground for the endangered Loggerhead turtle. Patara is ideal for families with small children. There is a café serving beachgoers. You can rent sunbeds and umbrellas on the beach. 

Aspendos

Aspendos boasts one of the well-preserved ancient theatres of antiquity. The theatre of Aspendos was built in 155 AD during the rule of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and could seat between 15,000 and 20,000 spectators. There are remnants of an aqueduct, agora, stadium, and a Byzantine-era basilica, all scattered over the theater's extensive hillside.

Deemed as the finest surviving example of a classical age theater still standing globally, the highly restored, the 15,000-seat theater is one of antiquity's star attractions. It was continuously repaired and maintained to its original qualities up to this day.